. Multiple drug treatment (initially with two first-line drugs or a first- and a second-line drug) should be reserved for seizures that have not been controlled by treatment with two or three first- or second-line drugs given alone. { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_btmslot' }}]}, However, not all patients with malformations of cortical development present with refractory epilepsy (Barkovich et al., 2012). In some patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, surgical or stimulation-based treatments can be considered. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195455', size: [300, 50] }}, Did You Know? { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '387232' }}, { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_mpuslot' }}, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195453', size: [320, 100] }}, 2 ways to abbreviate Drug Refractory Epilepsy updated 2020. { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_mpuslot1' }}]}, What to do in symptomatic drug-refractory permanent atrial fibrillation An article from the e-journal of the ESC Council for Cardiology Practice Vol. { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_MidArticle' }}, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195467', size: [300, 250] }}, Click on the arrows to change the translation direction. { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '448835' }}, FCD type IIA has dysmorphic neurons without balloon cells in the histopathology and the alterations on MRI are often discrete and without hyperintense signal in FLAIR (Fig. dfpSlots['topslot_a'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/topslot', [], 'ad_topslot_a').defineSizeMapping(mapping_topslot_a).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'top').setTargeting('hp', 'center').addService(googletag.pubads()); EMX2 mutations had been proposed to contribute to schizencephaly (Brunelli et al., 1996) though this observation was subsequently not confirmed (Merello et al., 2008). { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195467', size: [320, 50] }}, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971066', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654208' }}, Patients who have not achieved complete remission after two cycles of induction chemotherapy are usually diagnosed as having "refractory … {code: 'ad_leftslot', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_leftslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/leftslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[120, 600], [160, 600]] } }, Pilot Study of xenograft chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy for drug resistant or refractory CD20+ B cell Lymphoma View All Clinical Trials. { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_HDX' }}, googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); How to use refractory in a sentence. In some instances, these data support localizing information from other diagnostic sources (e.g., unilateral hippo-campal atrophy evident on magnetic resonance imaging, poor memory as revealed by the Wada test, in which the hemisphere contralateral to the presumed focus is injected) and permit epilepsy surgery without the use of invasive electrode recordings. type: "html5", { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '194852', size: [300, 250] }}, Most authors recommend trying all novel AEDs until achieving control over drug-resistant epilepsy, provided that those drugs are indicated for the patient's ES or epilepsy type. iasLog("criterion : cdo_pt = entry"); The meaning of refractory may be somewhat different depending on the context. Mutations in SIX3 and SHH have been implicated in both schizencephaly and holoprosencephaly (HPE) (discussed below) (Hehr et al., 2010). Analgesia using intrathecal drug delivery systems (IDDS) has been poorly studied specifically in this population. }); refractory cancer: A malignancy for which surgery is ineffective, which is either initially unresponsive to chemo- or radiation therapy, or which becomes unresponsive over time {code: 'ad_contentslot_2', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_mpuslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/mpuslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50], [300, 50]] } }, { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_rightslot_flex' }}, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195453', size: [300, 50] }}, bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776156', position: 'atf' }}, dfpSlots['contentslot_2'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/mpuslot', [[300, 250], [336, 280], 'fluid'], 'ad_contentslot_2').defineSizeMapping(mapping_contentslot).setTargeting('cdo_si', '2').setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'mid').setTargeting('hp', 'center').addService(googletag.pubads()); Meaning of refractory depression. Most people have heard of the terms, "cancer" and "chemotherapy." Drug resistant epilepsy occurs when a person has failed to become (and stay) seizure free with adequate trials of two seizure … Recognizing the need for a consistent definition to guide classification, diagnosis, epidemiology, and research, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) generated the unified … var googletag = googletag || {}; {code: 'ad_btmslot_a', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_btmslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/btmslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250], [320, 50], [300, 50]] } }, { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_rightslot' }}, var mapping_leftslot = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([1063, 0], [[120, 600], [160, 600], [300, 600]]).addSize([963, 0], [[120, 600], [160, 600]]).addSize([0, 0], []).build(); Present clues on the composition of organic refractories and silicates will be given. { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654151' }}, googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_ei", "refractory"); { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_mpuslot_flex' }}, Sometimes the lesion is localized only in the bottom of the sulcus (Fig. But even when the diagnosis seems certain, monitoring may disclose that the patient’s attacks are not seizures or that the patient has a different seizure type than was suspected. The refractory period occurs after the resolution stage. bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776142', position: 'btf' }}, How to use refractory in a sentence. refractoriness synonyms, refractoriness pronunciation, refractoriness translation, English dictionary definition of refractoriness. { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971063', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, Although other techniques, such as fMRI have replaced the Wada test in some situations, it remains a valuable tool in the neuropsychologist’s arsenal. { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_topslot_728x90' }}, var mapping_houseslot_b = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([963, 0], []).addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]).build(); 'min': 0, { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654150' }}, Storch DD. It is defined as an uncontrolled blood pressure with the use of five or more antihypertensive medications, including a long-acting thiazide diuretic, such as chlorthalidone, and a mineralocorticoid receptor … googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_pt", "entry"); dfpSlots['rightslot'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/rightslot', [[300, 250]], 'ad_rightslot').defineSizeMapping(mapping_rightslot).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'mid').setTargeting('hp', 'right').addService(googletag.pubads()); 'increment': 0.05, Alternatively, resistance may arise from genetic variation affecting targets for drug action. Refractory AML: Most patients achieve a remission (an absence of signs and symptoms) after initial treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML).However, some patients have residual leukemic cells in their marrow even after intensive treatment. Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: Consensus proposal by the ad hoc task force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies (2009) New Anti-Epileptic Drugs have not improved … googletag.pubads().set("page_url", "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/refractory"); },{ googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); Despite significant progress in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) with the introduction of new antiemetic agents, 30–50% of patients receiving moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy (MEC or HEC) and guideline directed prophylactic antiemetics develop breakthrough CINV. window.ga=window.ga||function(){(ga.q=ga.q||[]).push(arguments)};ga.l=+new Date; }, { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_MidArticle' }}, The most popular abbreviation for Drug Refractory Epilepsy is: DRE { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_topslot' }}]}, { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_SR' }}, { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_mpuslot_flex' }}, dfpSlots['houseslot_b'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/houseslot', [], 'ad_houseslot_b').defineSizeMapping(mapping_houseslot_b).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'btm').setTargeting('hp', 'center').setCategoryExclusion('house').addService(googletag.pubads()); Drug-resistant epilepsy represents a challenge for both experimental and clinical research to gain new insights and perspectives of its mechanisms in order to improve future rational management approaches. { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_MidArticle' }}, In addition, AEDs may act less well with brain tumors as different mechanisms may be responsible for the development of epilepsy – possibly the mechanisms of action of the classical AEDs do not sufficiently prevent the spread of epileptic discharges. { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_mpuslot' }}, Fenestration of cyst refers to opening of the inner wall of porencephaly into the lateral ventricles with the aim of decreasing the pressure in the cyst thereby reducing the ‘irritation’ of the overlying cortex. Showing or characterized by obstinate resistance to authority or control: refractory children; refractory behavior. Typical definitions of TRD vary, and they do not include a resistance to psychological therapies. { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_mpuslot' }}, { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '446383' }}, The development of the Wada procedure has been an important contribution to the field in this regard as it allows neurosurgeons, epileptologists, and neuropsychologists the ability to predict the potential impact of neurosurgical interventions on a patient’s memory functioning. { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654192' }}, { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a9690ab01717182962182bb50ce0007', pos: 'cdo_stickyslot_mobile_flex' }}, Refractory Myeloma Dr. Damian Green, MD of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, generally defines Refractory Myeloma as: "disease that is progressing despite active treatment." This requires clarification of the extent and location of epileptogenic cortex in the region of the lesion, based on video EEG, and sometimes cortical EEG either intraoperatively or with chronically implanted subdural or depth electrodes (Iida et al., 2005). 51.6). { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_SR' }}, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '541044957', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, name: "identityLink", dfpSlots['contentslot_1'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/mpuslot', [[300, 250], [336, 280], 'fluid'], 'ad_contentslot_1').defineSizeMapping(mapping_contentslot).setTargeting('cdo_si', '1').setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'mid').setTargeting('hp', 'center').addService(googletag.pubads()); { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654150' }}, bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162050', zoneId: '1673732', position: 'atf' }}, The refractory period is the time between orgasm and when you feel ready to be sexually aroused again. {code: 'ad_stickyslot', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_stickyslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/stickyslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 50], [320, 50], [320, 100]] } }, { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654149' }}, { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_MidArticle' }}, Learn more. 51.4). googletag.cmd.push(function() { An increase in seizure frequency may be the result of tumor growth, tumoral hemorrhage, or insufficient plasma levels of AEDs due to interactions with concomitantly administered drugs. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195453', size: [320, 100] }}, Patients with refractory epilepsy should be considered for referral to a comprehensive epilepsy center. { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '446381' }}, googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(false); The word in the example sentence does not match the entry word. { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_rightslot_flex' }}, { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a9690ab01717182962182bb50ce0007', pos: 'cdo_topslot_mobile_flex' }}, if(!isPlusPopupShown()) 'max': 36, bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776144', position: 'btf' }}, Combination therapy at maximally tolerated doses does not control the seizures in some people with epilepsy, even when there is good adherence to treatment recommendations. googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded', function(event) { if (!event.isEmpty && event.slot.renderCallback) { event.slot.renderCallback(event); } }); Despite advances in preventive strategies, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection remains a major complication in solid organ transplant (SOT) and hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. S. Abramovici, A. Bagić, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2016. 51.3) may present with mild hyperintensity of the white matter in T2/FLAIR with loss of gray–white-matter differentiation, but in many patients MRI does not show abnormalities in the white matter. { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_mpuslot_flex' }}, { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '446383' }}, "loggedIn": false Of all patients with a structural brain lesion, 12–50%, including those with a brain tumor, experience seizures despite using AEDs with adequate serum levels (Sisodiya et al., 2002). How to abbreviate Drug Refractory Epilepsy? { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_leftslot_160x600' }}, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195451', size: [320, 50] }}, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971065', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, American Heart Association, 1994 The newer AED gabapentin also seems to be a substrate for an unspecified protein transporter, although so far levetiracetam has not been found to use or need a substrate as a transporter into the brain, which may add to its potential use for brain tumors in patients with refractory epilepsy (Luer et al., 1999; Potschka et al., 2004a). As shown in this article, there are a number of potentially useful chronic animal models of drug-refractory epilepsy which can be used to study mechanisms of drug resistance. { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654157' }}, Refractory epilepsy, particularly in childhood, is often associated with malformations of cortical development, especially FCD. Many people with depression drink too much alcohol or use recreational drugs or marijuana. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first of a new class of cancer drug which is administered in a pill form. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195455', size: [320, 50] }}, googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_tc", "resp"); { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971066', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, Uncapping of the porencephalic cyst with or without fenestration of cyst into the lateral ventricle, a unique procedure used for treatment of porencephaly, may be successful in some patients (Koch et al., 1998). { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195452', size: [300, 250] }}, bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162050', zoneId: '776338', position: 'btf' }}, Did You Know? Seizures sometimes are not controlled with antiseizure medications. var mapping_stickyslot = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([746, 0], []).addSize([0, 550], [[300, 50], [320, 50], [320, 100]]).addSize([0, 0], [[300, 50], [320, 50]]).build(); The National Cancer Institute breaks it down even further to say that there are two main types of refractory myeloma patients: 1. { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_rightslot' }}]}, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971070', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, Loney Dear Dark Light Lyrics, Killdeer Protecting Eggs, The Ordinary Hyaluronic Acid 2% + B5, Aluminum Mini Loaf Pans Bulk, Loma Linda University Church Events, Aoe2 Counter List, Baby Carrots Snack Ideas, Old Fashioned Applesauce Cake With Caramel Icing, Leash Pearl Jam Meaning, Low Carb Cookies, Major Pecan Tree For Sale, " /> . Multiple drug treatment (initially with two first-line drugs or a first- and a second-line drug) should be reserved for seizures that have not been controlled by treatment with two or three first- or second-line drugs given alone. { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_btmslot' }}]}, However, not all patients with malformations of cortical development present with refractory epilepsy (Barkovich et al., 2012). In some patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, surgical or stimulation-based treatments can be considered. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195455', size: [300, 50] }}, Did You Know? { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '387232' }}, { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_mpuslot' }}, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195453', size: [320, 100] }}, 2 ways to abbreviate Drug Refractory Epilepsy updated 2020. { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_mpuslot1' }}]}, What to do in symptomatic drug-refractory permanent atrial fibrillation An article from the e-journal of the ESC Council for Cardiology Practice Vol. { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_MidArticle' }}, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195467', size: [300, 250] }}, Click on the arrows to change the translation direction. { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '448835' }}, FCD type IIA has dysmorphic neurons without balloon cells in the histopathology and the alterations on MRI are often discrete and without hyperintense signal in FLAIR (Fig. dfpSlots['topslot_a'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/topslot', [], 'ad_topslot_a').defineSizeMapping(mapping_topslot_a).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'top').setTargeting('hp', 'center').addService(googletag.pubads()); EMX2 mutations had been proposed to contribute to schizencephaly (Brunelli et al., 1996) though this observation was subsequently not confirmed (Merello et al., 2008). { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195467', size: [320, 50] }}, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971066', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654208' }}, Patients who have not achieved complete remission after two cycles of induction chemotherapy are usually diagnosed as having "refractory … {code: 'ad_leftslot', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_leftslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/leftslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[120, 600], [160, 600]] } }, Pilot Study of xenograft chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy for drug resistant or refractory CD20+ B cell Lymphoma View All Clinical Trials. { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_HDX' }}, googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); How to use refractory in a sentence. In some instances, these data support localizing information from other diagnostic sources (e.g., unilateral hippo-campal atrophy evident on magnetic resonance imaging, poor memory as revealed by the Wada test, in which the hemisphere contralateral to the presumed focus is injected) and permit epilepsy surgery without the use of invasive electrode recordings. type: "html5", { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '194852', size: [300, 250] }}, Most authors recommend trying all novel AEDs until achieving control over drug-resistant epilepsy, provided that those drugs are indicated for the patient's ES or epilepsy type. iasLog("criterion : cdo_pt = entry"); The meaning of refractory may be somewhat different depending on the context. Mutations in SIX3 and SHH have been implicated in both schizencephaly and holoprosencephaly (HPE) (discussed below) (Hehr et al., 2010). Analgesia using intrathecal drug delivery systems (IDDS) has been poorly studied specifically in this population. }); refractory cancer: A malignancy for which surgery is ineffective, which is either initially unresponsive to chemo- or radiation therapy, or which becomes unresponsive over time {code: 'ad_contentslot_2', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_mpuslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/mpuslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50], [300, 50]] } }, { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_rightslot_flex' }}, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195453', size: [300, 50] }}, bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776156', position: 'atf' }}, dfpSlots['contentslot_2'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/mpuslot', [[300, 250], [336, 280], 'fluid'], 'ad_contentslot_2').defineSizeMapping(mapping_contentslot).setTargeting('cdo_si', '2').setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'mid').setTargeting('hp', 'center').addService(googletag.pubads()); Meaning of refractory depression. Most people have heard of the terms, "cancer" and "chemotherapy." Drug resistant epilepsy occurs when a person has failed to become (and stay) seizure free with adequate trials of two seizure … Recognizing the need for a consistent definition to guide classification, diagnosis, epidemiology, and research, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) generated the unified … var googletag = googletag || {}; {code: 'ad_btmslot_a', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_btmslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/btmslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250], [320, 50], [300, 50]] } }, { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_rightslot' }}, var mapping_leftslot = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([1063, 0], [[120, 600], [160, 600], [300, 600]]).addSize([963, 0], [[120, 600], [160, 600]]).addSize([0, 0], []).build(); Present clues on the composition of organic refractories and silicates will be given. { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654151' }}, googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_ei", "refractory"); { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_mpuslot_flex' }}, Sometimes the lesion is localized only in the bottom of the sulcus (Fig. But even when the diagnosis seems certain, monitoring may disclose that the patient’s attacks are not seizures or that the patient has a different seizure type than was suspected. The refractory period occurs after the resolution stage. bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776142', position: 'btf' }}, How to use refractory in a sentence. refractoriness synonyms, refractoriness pronunciation, refractoriness translation, English dictionary definition of refractoriness. { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971063', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, Although other techniques, such as fMRI have replaced the Wada test in some situations, it remains a valuable tool in the neuropsychologist’s arsenal. { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_topslot_728x90' }}, var mapping_houseslot_b = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([963, 0], []).addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]).build(); 'min': 0, { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654150' }}, Storch DD. It is defined as an uncontrolled blood pressure with the use of five or more antihypertensive medications, including a long-acting thiazide diuretic, such as chlorthalidone, and a mineralocorticoid receptor … googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_pt", "entry"); dfpSlots['rightslot'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/rightslot', [[300, 250]], 'ad_rightslot').defineSizeMapping(mapping_rightslot).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'mid').setTargeting('hp', 'right').addService(googletag.pubads()); 'increment': 0.05, Alternatively, resistance may arise from genetic variation affecting targets for drug action. Refractory AML: Most patients achieve a remission (an absence of signs and symptoms) after initial treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML).However, some patients have residual leukemic cells in their marrow even after intensive treatment. Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: Consensus proposal by the ad hoc task force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies (2009) New Anti-Epileptic Drugs have not improved … googletag.pubads().set("page_url", "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/refractory"); },{ googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); Despite significant progress in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) with the introduction of new antiemetic agents, 30–50% of patients receiving moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy (MEC or HEC) and guideline directed prophylactic antiemetics develop breakthrough CINV. window.ga=window.ga||function(){(ga.q=ga.q||[]).push(arguments)};ga.l=+new Date; }, { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_MidArticle' }}, The most popular abbreviation for Drug Refractory Epilepsy is: DRE { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_topslot' }}]}, { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_SR' }}, { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_mpuslot_flex' }}, dfpSlots['houseslot_b'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/houseslot', [], 'ad_houseslot_b').defineSizeMapping(mapping_houseslot_b).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'btm').setTargeting('hp', 'center').setCategoryExclusion('house').addService(googletag.pubads()); Drug-resistant epilepsy represents a challenge for both experimental and clinical research to gain new insights and perspectives of its mechanisms in order to improve future rational management approaches. { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_MidArticle' }}, In addition, AEDs may act less well with brain tumors as different mechanisms may be responsible for the development of epilepsy – possibly the mechanisms of action of the classical AEDs do not sufficiently prevent the spread of epileptic discharges. { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_mpuslot' }}, Fenestration of cyst refers to opening of the inner wall of porencephaly into the lateral ventricles with the aim of decreasing the pressure in the cyst thereby reducing the ‘irritation’ of the overlying cortex. Showing or characterized by obstinate resistance to authority or control: refractory children; refractory behavior. Typical definitions of TRD vary, and they do not include a resistance to psychological therapies. { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_mpuslot' }}, { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '446383' }}, The development of the Wada procedure has been an important contribution to the field in this regard as it allows neurosurgeons, epileptologists, and neuropsychologists the ability to predict the potential impact of neurosurgical interventions on a patient’s memory functioning. { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654192' }}, { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a9690ab01717182962182bb50ce0007', pos: 'cdo_stickyslot_mobile_flex' }}, Refractory Myeloma Dr. Damian Green, MD of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, generally defines Refractory Myeloma as: "disease that is progressing despite active treatment." This requires clarification of the extent and location of epileptogenic cortex in the region of the lesion, based on video EEG, and sometimes cortical EEG either intraoperatively or with chronically implanted subdural or depth electrodes (Iida et al., 2005). 51.6). { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_SR' }}, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '541044957', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, name: "identityLink", dfpSlots['contentslot_1'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/mpuslot', [[300, 250], [336, 280], 'fluid'], 'ad_contentslot_1').defineSizeMapping(mapping_contentslot).setTargeting('cdo_si', '1').setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'mid').setTargeting('hp', 'center').addService(googletag.pubads()); { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654150' }}, bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162050', zoneId: '1673732', position: 'atf' }}, The refractory period is the time between orgasm and when you feel ready to be sexually aroused again. {code: 'ad_stickyslot', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_stickyslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/stickyslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 50], [320, 50], [320, 100]] } }, { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654149' }}, { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_MidArticle' }}, Learn more. 51.4). googletag.cmd.push(function() { An increase in seizure frequency may be the result of tumor growth, tumoral hemorrhage, or insufficient plasma levels of AEDs due to interactions with concomitantly administered drugs. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195453', size: [320, 100] }}, Patients with refractory epilepsy should be considered for referral to a comprehensive epilepsy center. { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '446381' }}, googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(false); The word in the example sentence does not match the entry word. { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_rightslot_flex' }}, { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a9690ab01717182962182bb50ce0007', pos: 'cdo_topslot_mobile_flex' }}, if(!isPlusPopupShown()) 'max': 36, bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776144', position: 'btf' }}, Combination therapy at maximally tolerated doses does not control the seizures in some people with epilepsy, even when there is good adherence to treatment recommendations. googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded', function(event) { if (!event.isEmpty && event.slot.renderCallback) { event.slot.renderCallback(event); } }); Despite advances in preventive strategies, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection remains a major complication in solid organ transplant (SOT) and hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. S. Abramovici, A. Bagić, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2016. 51.3) may present with mild hyperintensity of the white matter in T2/FLAIR with loss of gray–white-matter differentiation, but in many patients MRI does not show abnormalities in the white matter. { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_mpuslot_flex' }}, { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '446383' }}, "loggedIn": false Of all patients with a structural brain lesion, 12–50%, including those with a brain tumor, experience seizures despite using AEDs with adequate serum levels (Sisodiya et al., 2002). How to abbreviate Drug Refractory Epilepsy? { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_leftslot_160x600' }}, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195451', size: [320, 50] }}, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971065', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, American Heart Association, 1994 The newer AED gabapentin also seems to be a substrate for an unspecified protein transporter, although so far levetiracetam has not been found to use or need a substrate as a transporter into the brain, which may add to its potential use for brain tumors in patients with refractory epilepsy (Luer et al., 1999; Potschka et al., 2004a). As shown in this article, there are a number of potentially useful chronic animal models of drug-refractory epilepsy which can be used to study mechanisms of drug resistance. { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654157' }}, Refractory epilepsy, particularly in childhood, is often associated with malformations of cortical development, especially FCD. Many people with depression drink too much alcohol or use recreational drugs or marijuana. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first of a new class of cancer drug which is administered in a pill form. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195455', size: [320, 50] }}, googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_tc", "resp"); { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971066', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, Uncapping of the porencephalic cyst with or without fenestration of cyst into the lateral ventricle, a unique procedure used for treatment of porencephaly, may be successful in some patients (Koch et al., 1998). { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195452', size: [300, 250] }}, bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162050', zoneId: '776338', position: 'btf' }}, Did You Know? Seizures sometimes are not controlled with antiseizure medications. var mapping_stickyslot = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([746, 0], []).addSize([0, 550], [[300, 50], [320, 50], [320, 100]]).addSize([0, 0], [[300, 50], [320, 50]]).build(); The National Cancer Institute breaks it down even further to say that there are two main types of refractory myeloma patients: 1. { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_rightslot' }}]}, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971070', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, Loney Dear Dark Light Lyrics, Killdeer Protecting Eggs, The Ordinary Hyaluronic Acid 2% + B5, Aluminum Mini Loaf Pans Bulk, Loma Linda University Church Events, Aoe2 Counter List, Baby Carrots Snack Ideas, Old Fashioned Applesauce Cake With Caramel Icing, Leash Pearl Jam Meaning, Low Carb Cookies, Major Pecan Tree For Sale, " />. Multiple drug treatment (initially with two first-line drugs or a first- and a second-line drug) should be reserved for seizures that have not been controlled by treatment with two or three first- or second-line drugs given alone. { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_btmslot' }}]}, However, not all patients with malformations of cortical development present with refractory epilepsy (Barkovich et al., 2012). In some patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, surgical or stimulation-based treatments can be considered. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195455', size: [300, 50] }}, Did You Know? { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '387232' }}, { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_mpuslot' }}, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195453', size: [320, 100] }}, 2 ways to abbreviate Drug Refractory Epilepsy updated 2020. { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_mpuslot1' }}]}, What to do in symptomatic drug-refractory permanent atrial fibrillation An article from the e-journal of the ESC Council for Cardiology Practice Vol. { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_MidArticle' }}, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195467', size: [300, 250] }}, Click on the arrows to change the translation direction. { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '448835' }}, FCD type IIA has dysmorphic neurons without balloon cells in the histopathology and the alterations on MRI are often discrete and without hyperintense signal in FLAIR (Fig. dfpSlots['topslot_a'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/topslot', [], 'ad_topslot_a').defineSizeMapping(mapping_topslot_a).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'top').setTargeting('hp', 'center').addService(googletag.pubads()); EMX2 mutations had been proposed to contribute to schizencephaly (Brunelli et al., 1996) though this observation was subsequently not confirmed (Merello et al., 2008). { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195467', size: [320, 50] }}, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971066', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654208' }}, Patients who have not achieved complete remission after two cycles of induction chemotherapy are usually diagnosed as having "refractory … {code: 'ad_leftslot', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_leftslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/leftslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[120, 600], [160, 600]] } }, Pilot Study of xenograft chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy for drug resistant or refractory CD20+ B cell Lymphoma View All Clinical Trials. { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_HDX' }}, googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); How to use refractory in a sentence. In some instances, these data support localizing information from other diagnostic sources (e.g., unilateral hippo-campal atrophy evident on magnetic resonance imaging, poor memory as revealed by the Wada test, in which the hemisphere contralateral to the presumed focus is injected) and permit epilepsy surgery without the use of invasive electrode recordings. type: "html5", { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '194852', size: [300, 250] }}, Most authors recommend trying all novel AEDs until achieving control over drug-resistant epilepsy, provided that those drugs are indicated for the patient's ES or epilepsy type. iasLog("criterion : cdo_pt = entry"); The meaning of refractory may be somewhat different depending on the context. Mutations in SIX3 and SHH have been implicated in both schizencephaly and holoprosencephaly (HPE) (discussed below) (Hehr et al., 2010). Analgesia using intrathecal drug delivery systems (IDDS) has been poorly studied specifically in this population. }); refractory cancer: A malignancy for which surgery is ineffective, which is either initially unresponsive to chemo- or radiation therapy, or which becomes unresponsive over time {code: 'ad_contentslot_2', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_mpuslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/mpuslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50], [300, 50]] } }, { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_rightslot_flex' }}, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195453', size: [300, 50] }}, bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776156', position: 'atf' }}, dfpSlots['contentslot_2'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/mpuslot', [[300, 250], [336, 280], 'fluid'], 'ad_contentslot_2').defineSizeMapping(mapping_contentslot).setTargeting('cdo_si', '2').setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'mid').setTargeting('hp', 'center').addService(googletag.pubads()); Meaning of refractory depression. Most people have heard of the terms, "cancer" and "chemotherapy." Drug resistant epilepsy occurs when a person has failed to become (and stay) seizure free with adequate trials of two seizure … Recognizing the need for a consistent definition to guide classification, diagnosis, epidemiology, and research, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) generated the unified … var googletag = googletag || {}; {code: 'ad_btmslot_a', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_btmslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/btmslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250], [320, 50], [300, 50]] } }, { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_rightslot' }}, var mapping_leftslot = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([1063, 0], [[120, 600], [160, 600], [300, 600]]).addSize([963, 0], [[120, 600], [160, 600]]).addSize([0, 0], []).build(); Present clues on the composition of organic refractories and silicates will be given. { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654151' }}, googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_ei", "refractory"); { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_mpuslot_flex' }}, Sometimes the lesion is localized only in the bottom of the sulcus (Fig. But even when the diagnosis seems certain, monitoring may disclose that the patient’s attacks are not seizures or that the patient has a different seizure type than was suspected. The refractory period occurs after the resolution stage. bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776142', position: 'btf' }}, How to use refractory in a sentence. refractoriness synonyms, refractoriness pronunciation, refractoriness translation, English dictionary definition of refractoriness. { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971063', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, Although other techniques, such as fMRI have replaced the Wada test in some situations, it remains a valuable tool in the neuropsychologist’s arsenal. { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_topslot_728x90' }}, var mapping_houseslot_b = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([963, 0], []).addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]).build(); 'min': 0, { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654150' }}, Storch DD. It is defined as an uncontrolled blood pressure with the use of five or more antihypertensive medications, including a long-acting thiazide diuretic, such as chlorthalidone, and a mineralocorticoid receptor … googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_pt", "entry"); dfpSlots['rightslot'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/rightslot', [[300, 250]], 'ad_rightslot').defineSizeMapping(mapping_rightslot).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'mid').setTargeting('hp', 'right').addService(googletag.pubads()); 'increment': 0.05, Alternatively, resistance may arise from genetic variation affecting targets for drug action. Refractory AML: Most patients achieve a remission (an absence of signs and symptoms) after initial treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML).However, some patients have residual leukemic cells in their marrow even after intensive treatment. Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: Consensus proposal by the ad hoc task force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies (2009) New Anti-Epileptic Drugs have not improved … googletag.pubads().set("page_url", "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/refractory"); },{ googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); Despite significant progress in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) with the introduction of new antiemetic agents, 30–50% of patients receiving moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy (MEC or HEC) and guideline directed prophylactic antiemetics develop breakthrough CINV. window.ga=window.ga||function(){(ga.q=ga.q||[]).push(arguments)};ga.l=+new Date; }, { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_MidArticle' }}, The most popular abbreviation for Drug Refractory Epilepsy is: DRE { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_topslot' }}]}, { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_SR' }}, { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_mpuslot_flex' }}, dfpSlots['houseslot_b'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/houseslot', [], 'ad_houseslot_b').defineSizeMapping(mapping_houseslot_b).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'btm').setTargeting('hp', 'center').setCategoryExclusion('house').addService(googletag.pubads()); Drug-resistant epilepsy represents a challenge for both experimental and clinical research to gain new insights and perspectives of its mechanisms in order to improve future rational management approaches. { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_MidArticle' }}, In addition, AEDs may act less well with brain tumors as different mechanisms may be responsible for the development of epilepsy – possibly the mechanisms of action of the classical AEDs do not sufficiently prevent the spread of epileptic discharges. { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_mpuslot' }}, Fenestration of cyst refers to opening of the inner wall of porencephaly into the lateral ventricles with the aim of decreasing the pressure in the cyst thereby reducing the ‘irritation’ of the overlying cortex. Showing or characterized by obstinate resistance to authority or control: refractory children; refractory behavior. Typical definitions of TRD vary, and they do not include a resistance to psychological therapies. { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_mpuslot' }}, { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '446383' }}, The development of the Wada procedure has been an important contribution to the field in this regard as it allows neurosurgeons, epileptologists, and neuropsychologists the ability to predict the potential impact of neurosurgical interventions on a patient’s memory functioning. { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654192' }}, { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a9690ab01717182962182bb50ce0007', pos: 'cdo_stickyslot_mobile_flex' }}, Refractory Myeloma Dr. Damian Green, MD of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, generally defines Refractory Myeloma as: "disease that is progressing despite active treatment." This requires clarification of the extent and location of epileptogenic cortex in the region of the lesion, based on video EEG, and sometimes cortical EEG either intraoperatively or with chronically implanted subdural or depth electrodes (Iida et al., 2005). 51.6). { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_SR' }}, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '541044957', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, name: "identityLink", dfpSlots['contentslot_1'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/mpuslot', [[300, 250], [336, 280], 'fluid'], 'ad_contentslot_1').defineSizeMapping(mapping_contentslot).setTargeting('cdo_si', '1').setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'mid').setTargeting('hp', 'center').addService(googletag.pubads()); { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654150' }}, bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162050', zoneId: '1673732', position: 'atf' }}, The refractory period is the time between orgasm and when you feel ready to be sexually aroused again. {code: 'ad_stickyslot', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_stickyslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/stickyslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 50], [320, 50], [320, 100]] } }, { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654149' }}, { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_MidArticle' }}, Learn more. 51.4). googletag.cmd.push(function() { An increase in seizure frequency may be the result of tumor growth, tumoral hemorrhage, or insufficient plasma levels of AEDs due to interactions with concomitantly administered drugs. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195453', size: [320, 100] }}, Patients with refractory epilepsy should be considered for referral to a comprehensive epilepsy center. { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '446381' }}, googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(false); The word in the example sentence does not match the entry word. { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_rightslot_flex' }}, { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a9690ab01717182962182bb50ce0007', pos: 'cdo_topslot_mobile_flex' }}, if(!isPlusPopupShown()) 'max': 36, bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776144', position: 'btf' }}, Combination therapy at maximally tolerated doses does not control the seizures in some people with epilepsy, even when there is good adherence to treatment recommendations. googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded', function(event) { if (!event.isEmpty && event.slot.renderCallback) { event.slot.renderCallback(event); } }); Despite advances in preventive strategies, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection remains a major complication in solid organ transplant (SOT) and hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. S. Abramovici, A. Bagić, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2016. 51.3) may present with mild hyperintensity of the white matter in T2/FLAIR with loss of gray–white-matter differentiation, but in many patients MRI does not show abnormalities in the white matter. { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_mpuslot_flex' }}, { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '446383' }}, "loggedIn": false Of all patients with a structural brain lesion, 12–50%, including those with a brain tumor, experience seizures despite using AEDs with adequate serum levels (Sisodiya et al., 2002). How to abbreviate Drug Refractory Epilepsy? { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_leftslot_160x600' }}, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195451', size: [320, 50] }}, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971065', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, American Heart Association, 1994 The newer AED gabapentin also seems to be a substrate for an unspecified protein transporter, although so far levetiracetam has not been found to use or need a substrate as a transporter into the brain, which may add to its potential use for brain tumors in patients with refractory epilepsy (Luer et al., 1999; Potschka et al., 2004a). As shown in this article, there are a number of potentially useful chronic animal models of drug-refractory epilepsy which can be used to study mechanisms of drug resistance. { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654157' }}, Refractory epilepsy, particularly in childhood, is often associated with malformations of cortical development, especially FCD. Many people with depression drink too much alcohol or use recreational drugs or marijuana. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first of a new class of cancer drug which is administered in a pill form. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195455', size: [320, 50] }}, googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_tc", "resp"); { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971066', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, Uncapping of the porencephalic cyst with or without fenestration of cyst into the lateral ventricle, a unique procedure used for treatment of porencephaly, may be successful in some patients (Koch et al., 1998). { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195452', size: [300, 250] }}, bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162050', zoneId: '776338', position: 'btf' }}, Did You Know? Seizures sometimes are not controlled with antiseizure medications. var mapping_stickyslot = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([746, 0], []).addSize([0, 550], [[300, 50], [320, 50], [320, 100]]).addSize([0, 0], [[300, 50], [320, 50]]).build(); The National Cancer Institute breaks it down even further to say that there are two main types of refractory myeloma patients: 1. { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_rightslot' }}]}, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971070', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, Loney Dear Dark Light Lyrics, Killdeer Protecting Eggs, The Ordinary Hyaluronic Acid 2% + B5, Aluminum Mini Loaf Pans Bulk, Loma Linda University Church Events, Aoe2 Counter List, Baby Carrots Snack Ideas, Old Fashioned Applesauce Cake With Caramel Icing, Leash Pearl Jam Meaning, Low Carb Cookies, Major Pecan Tree For Sale, " />

drug refractory meaning

bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776156', position: 'atf' }}, { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654174' }}, This finding led to discovery that deletion (haploinsufficiency) of LIS1 and YWHAE underlie Miller–Dieker syndrome (Wynshaw-Boris, 2007) and that mutations and intragenic deletions of LIS1 cause isolated lissencephaly sequence disorder (Wynshaw-Boris, 2007; Pavone et al., 2010). Lack of seizure control is more frequent if the onset was at an early age; if there are generalised, atonic, or absence seizures; or if there is underlying structural brain damage. var pbMobileLrSlots = [ { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654156' }}, {code: 'ad_rightslot', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_rightslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/rightslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250]] } }, Its main MRI feature is hyperintense T2 FLAIR signal in the subcortical white matter with a wedge shape that extends to the ipsilateral ventricle ependymal surface (transmantle sign) (Blumcke et al., 2011) (Fig. { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '446383' }}, storage: { { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_rightslot' }}, 'pa pdd chac-sb tc-bd bw hbr-20 hbss lpt-25' : 'hdn'">. Multiple drug treatment (initially with two first-line drugs or a first- and a second-line drug) should be reserved for seizures that have not been controlled by treatment with two or three first- or second-line drugs given alone. { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_btmslot' }}]}, However, not all patients with malformations of cortical development present with refractory epilepsy (Barkovich et al., 2012). In some patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, surgical or stimulation-based treatments can be considered. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195455', size: [300, 50] }}, Did You Know? { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '387232' }}, { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_mpuslot' }}, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195453', size: [320, 100] }}, 2 ways to abbreviate Drug Refractory Epilepsy updated 2020. { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_mpuslot1' }}]}, What to do in symptomatic drug-refractory permanent atrial fibrillation An article from the e-journal of the ESC Council for Cardiology Practice Vol. { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_MidArticle' }}, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195467', size: [300, 250] }}, Click on the arrows to change the translation direction. { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '448835' }}, FCD type IIA has dysmorphic neurons without balloon cells in the histopathology and the alterations on MRI are often discrete and without hyperintense signal in FLAIR (Fig. dfpSlots['topslot_a'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/topslot', [], 'ad_topslot_a').defineSizeMapping(mapping_topslot_a).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'top').setTargeting('hp', 'center').addService(googletag.pubads()); EMX2 mutations had been proposed to contribute to schizencephaly (Brunelli et al., 1996) though this observation was subsequently not confirmed (Merello et al., 2008). { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195467', size: [320, 50] }}, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971066', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654208' }}, Patients who have not achieved complete remission after two cycles of induction chemotherapy are usually diagnosed as having "refractory … {code: 'ad_leftslot', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_leftslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/leftslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[120, 600], [160, 600]] } }, Pilot Study of xenograft chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy for drug resistant or refractory CD20+ B cell Lymphoma View All Clinical Trials. { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_HDX' }}, googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); How to use refractory in a sentence. In some instances, these data support localizing information from other diagnostic sources (e.g., unilateral hippo-campal atrophy evident on magnetic resonance imaging, poor memory as revealed by the Wada test, in which the hemisphere contralateral to the presumed focus is injected) and permit epilepsy surgery without the use of invasive electrode recordings. type: "html5", { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '194852', size: [300, 250] }}, Most authors recommend trying all novel AEDs until achieving control over drug-resistant epilepsy, provided that those drugs are indicated for the patient's ES or epilepsy type. iasLog("criterion : cdo_pt = entry"); The meaning of refractory may be somewhat different depending on the context. Mutations in SIX3 and SHH have been implicated in both schizencephaly and holoprosencephaly (HPE) (discussed below) (Hehr et al., 2010). Analgesia using intrathecal drug delivery systems (IDDS) has been poorly studied specifically in this population. }); refractory cancer: A malignancy for which surgery is ineffective, which is either initially unresponsive to chemo- or radiation therapy, or which becomes unresponsive over time {code: 'ad_contentslot_2', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_mpuslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/mpuslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50], [300, 50]] } }, { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_rightslot_flex' }}, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195453', size: [300, 50] }}, bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776156', position: 'atf' }}, dfpSlots['contentslot_2'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/mpuslot', [[300, 250], [336, 280], 'fluid'], 'ad_contentslot_2').defineSizeMapping(mapping_contentslot).setTargeting('cdo_si', '2').setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'mid').setTargeting('hp', 'center').addService(googletag.pubads()); Meaning of refractory depression. Most people have heard of the terms, "cancer" and "chemotherapy." Drug resistant epilepsy occurs when a person has failed to become (and stay) seizure free with adequate trials of two seizure … Recognizing the need for a consistent definition to guide classification, diagnosis, epidemiology, and research, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) generated the unified … var googletag = googletag || {}; {code: 'ad_btmslot_a', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_btmslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/btmslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250], [320, 50], [300, 50]] } }, { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_rightslot' }}, var mapping_leftslot = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([1063, 0], [[120, 600], [160, 600], [300, 600]]).addSize([963, 0], [[120, 600], [160, 600]]).addSize([0, 0], []).build(); Present clues on the composition of organic refractories and silicates will be given. { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654151' }}, googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_ei", "refractory"); { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_mpuslot_flex' }}, Sometimes the lesion is localized only in the bottom of the sulcus (Fig. But even when the diagnosis seems certain, monitoring may disclose that the patient’s attacks are not seizures or that the patient has a different seizure type than was suspected. The refractory period occurs after the resolution stage. bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776142', position: 'btf' }}, How to use refractory in a sentence. refractoriness synonyms, refractoriness pronunciation, refractoriness translation, English dictionary definition of refractoriness. { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971063', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, Although other techniques, such as fMRI have replaced the Wada test in some situations, it remains a valuable tool in the neuropsychologist’s arsenal. { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_topslot_728x90' }}, var mapping_houseslot_b = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([963, 0], []).addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]).build(); 'min': 0, { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654150' }}, Storch DD. It is defined as an uncontrolled blood pressure with the use of five or more antihypertensive medications, including a long-acting thiazide diuretic, such as chlorthalidone, and a mineralocorticoid receptor … googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_pt", "entry"); dfpSlots['rightslot'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/rightslot', [[300, 250]], 'ad_rightslot').defineSizeMapping(mapping_rightslot).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'mid').setTargeting('hp', 'right').addService(googletag.pubads()); 'increment': 0.05, Alternatively, resistance may arise from genetic variation affecting targets for drug action. Refractory AML: Most patients achieve a remission (an absence of signs and symptoms) after initial treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML).However, some patients have residual leukemic cells in their marrow even after intensive treatment. Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: Consensus proposal by the ad hoc task force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies (2009) New Anti-Epileptic Drugs have not improved … googletag.pubads().set("page_url", "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/refractory"); },{ googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); Despite significant progress in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) with the introduction of new antiemetic agents, 30–50% of patients receiving moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy (MEC or HEC) and guideline directed prophylactic antiemetics develop breakthrough CINV. window.ga=window.ga||function(){(ga.q=ga.q||[]).push(arguments)};ga.l=+new Date; }, { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_MidArticle' }}, The most popular abbreviation for Drug Refractory Epilepsy is: DRE { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_topslot' }}]}, { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_SR' }}, { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_mpuslot_flex' }}, dfpSlots['houseslot_b'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/houseslot', [], 'ad_houseslot_b').defineSizeMapping(mapping_houseslot_b).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'btm').setTargeting('hp', 'center').setCategoryExclusion('house').addService(googletag.pubads()); Drug-resistant epilepsy represents a challenge for both experimental and clinical research to gain new insights and perspectives of its mechanisms in order to improve future rational management approaches. { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_MidArticle' }}, In addition, AEDs may act less well with brain tumors as different mechanisms may be responsible for the development of epilepsy – possibly the mechanisms of action of the classical AEDs do not sufficiently prevent the spread of epileptic discharges. { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_mpuslot' }}, Fenestration of cyst refers to opening of the inner wall of porencephaly into the lateral ventricles with the aim of decreasing the pressure in the cyst thereby reducing the ‘irritation’ of the overlying cortex. Showing or characterized by obstinate resistance to authority or control: refractory children; refractory behavior. Typical definitions of TRD vary, and they do not include a resistance to psychological therapies. { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_mpuslot' }}, { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '446383' }}, The development of the Wada procedure has been an important contribution to the field in this regard as it allows neurosurgeons, epileptologists, and neuropsychologists the ability to predict the potential impact of neurosurgical interventions on a patient’s memory functioning. { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654192' }}, { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a9690ab01717182962182bb50ce0007', pos: 'cdo_stickyslot_mobile_flex' }}, Refractory Myeloma Dr. Damian Green, MD of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, generally defines Refractory Myeloma as: "disease that is progressing despite active treatment." This requires clarification of the extent and location of epileptogenic cortex in the region of the lesion, based on video EEG, and sometimes cortical EEG either intraoperatively or with chronically implanted subdural or depth electrodes (Iida et al., 2005). 51.6). { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_SR' }}, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '541044957', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, name: "identityLink", dfpSlots['contentslot_1'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/mpuslot', [[300, 250], [336, 280], 'fluid'], 'ad_contentslot_1').defineSizeMapping(mapping_contentslot).setTargeting('cdo_si', '1').setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'mid').setTargeting('hp', 'center').addService(googletag.pubads()); { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654150' }}, bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162050', zoneId: '1673732', position: 'atf' }}, The refractory period is the time between orgasm and when you feel ready to be sexually aroused again. {code: 'ad_stickyslot', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_stickyslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/stickyslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 50], [320, 50], [320, 100]] } }, { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654149' }}, { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_MidArticle' }}, Learn more. 51.4). googletag.cmd.push(function() { An increase in seizure frequency may be the result of tumor growth, tumoral hemorrhage, or insufficient plasma levels of AEDs due to interactions with concomitantly administered drugs. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195453', size: [320, 100] }}, Patients with refractory epilepsy should be considered for referral to a comprehensive epilepsy center. { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '446381' }}, googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(false); The word in the example sentence does not match the entry word. { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_rightslot_flex' }}, { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a9690ab01717182962182bb50ce0007', pos: 'cdo_topslot_mobile_flex' }}, if(!isPlusPopupShown()) 'max': 36, bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776144', position: 'btf' }}, Combination therapy at maximally tolerated doses does not control the seizures in some people with epilepsy, even when there is good adherence to treatment recommendations. googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded', function(event) { if (!event.isEmpty && event.slot.renderCallback) { event.slot.renderCallback(event); } }); Despite advances in preventive strategies, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection remains a major complication in solid organ transplant (SOT) and hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. S. Abramovici, A. Bagić, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2016. 51.3) may present with mild hyperintensity of the white matter in T2/FLAIR with loss of gray–white-matter differentiation, but in many patients MRI does not show abnormalities in the white matter. { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_mpuslot_flex' }}, { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '446383' }}, "loggedIn": false Of all patients with a structural brain lesion, 12–50%, including those with a brain tumor, experience seizures despite using AEDs with adequate serum levels (Sisodiya et al., 2002). How to abbreviate Drug Refractory Epilepsy? { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_leftslot_160x600' }}, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195451', size: [320, 50] }}, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971065', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, American Heart Association, 1994 The newer AED gabapentin also seems to be a substrate for an unspecified protein transporter, although so far levetiracetam has not been found to use or need a substrate as a transporter into the brain, which may add to its potential use for brain tumors in patients with refractory epilepsy (Luer et al., 1999; Potschka et al., 2004a). As shown in this article, there are a number of potentially useful chronic animal models of drug-refractory epilepsy which can be used to study mechanisms of drug resistance. { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654157' }}, Refractory epilepsy, particularly in childhood, is often associated with malformations of cortical development, especially FCD. Many people with depression drink too much alcohol or use recreational drugs or marijuana. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first of a new class of cancer drug which is administered in a pill form. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195455', size: [320, 50] }}, googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_tc", "resp"); { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971066', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, Uncapping of the porencephalic cyst with or without fenestration of cyst into the lateral ventricle, a unique procedure used for treatment of porencephaly, may be successful in some patients (Koch et al., 1998). { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195452', size: [300, 250] }}, bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162050', zoneId: '776338', position: 'btf' }}, Did You Know? Seizures sometimes are not controlled with antiseizure medications. var mapping_stickyslot = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([746, 0], []).addSize([0, 550], [[300, 50], [320, 50], [320, 100]]).addSize([0, 0], [[300, 50], [320, 50]]).build(); The National Cancer Institute breaks it down even further to say that there are two main types of refractory myeloma patients: 1. { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_rightslot' }}]}, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971070', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }},

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