If one takes a closer look at eye morphology, the coleoid cephalopod eyes attract attention, as parallels can be drawn between the design of the camera type eyes of these molluscs and the design of vertebrate eyes, particularly those of fish (von Lenhossék, 1894; Packard, 1972). Muntz, W. R. A. Gagnon, Y. L., Osorio, D., Wardiff, T. J., Marshall, N. J., Chung, W.-S., and Temple, S. E. (2016). Finally, regarding the development of the split cephalopod lens, it is still unknown how the growth of the two components is coordinated. 66, 17–48. The same probably holds true for Japetella diaphana, a deep sea octopus, whose pupil takes approximately 6 s to constrict (Douglas, 2018). Z. 8, 247–258. Michinomae, M., Masuda, H., Seidou, M., and Kito, Y. 79, 325–396. Rep., 194–212. Altman, J. S. (1966). Res. 39, 2841–2852. Exp. ️ 8 Octopus Eye Facts ⬅️. Most octopuses have a well developed eye that has an iris, a lens, and a retina, like our eyes. on the other hand, use our ciliary muscles to change the shape of our eye 1. Vol 8. Char. Biol. The scientific Latin term Octopoda is a Greek word means (oktō, “eight”) and (poda, “foot”). A limiting membrane shields the retina towards the posterior chamber. Mar 23, 2019 - 691 Likes, 8 Comments - Underwater World (@ocean_preservation) on Instagram: “⛔️ 8 Octopus Eye Facts ⛔️ What color are yours? 1️⃣Octopus eyes focus like a camera with the…” Jan 23, 2017 - This Pin was discovered by Carly Cost-Chretien. Zool. Find out about these and other octopus facts. J. Exp. The primary structures of an octopus’ eye are the iris, lens, vitreous gel (the mass of the eyeball), pigment cells, photoreceptors, retina, and the optic nerve. The dual nature of the octopus electroretinogram. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1972.tb00975.x, Packard, A., and Sanders, G. D. (1971). (1962b). Beside external eye dimensions, no information on internal parameters such as ocular dimensions, radii of curvature, refractive indices or absorption coefficients of ocular media is available for octopus. 158, 446–456. Z. Psychol. Sci. This suggests that visual and proprioceptive input is not integrated in the brain. Behav. Z. Vgl. Zool. Amoore, J. E., Rodgers, K., and Young, J. Eyes of the Histioteuthidae. Although the eyes of the octopus, and of other cephalopods, and the eyes of vertebrates have evolved entirely independently, each has a retina, a cornea, an iris, a lens, and a fluid-filled interior. K. Warnke, H. Keupp, and S. V. Boletzky (Berlin: Berlin Paläobiologische Abhandlung), 171–177. Sci. Industrial & Research Promotions. This is possible due to the fact that they don’t have any skeleton to them. Vis. Octopuses and squid can recognize these J. Zool. Z. Curr. Behav. Proc. Vis. They find these place to hide from predators and to remain undetected in the water. For example, the retina of the octopus is everted instead of inverted, and it is equipped with primary rhabdomeric photoreceptors rather than secondary ciliary variety found in the retina of the vertebrate eye. origins, provide a classic example of biological convergence. Mar. “Octopus” in Cephalopod biology and fisheries in Europe: II. Zool. Beer (1897) measured an eye length (most likely axial eye length) of 17 mm in an octopus individual weighing 607 g. Additionally, Hanlon and Messenger (2018) documented an eye diameter of 20 mm in an individual weighing 205 g. Both values are within the range of eye diameters of 15–20 mm given by Fröhlich (1914a) for Eledone moschata, Octopus macropus, and Octopus vulgaris. Octopus, squid, cuttlefish, and nautilus all have differently shaped pupils— an octopus has a rectangular pupil, a cuttlefish has a w-shaped pupil, and a squid’s pupil is circular. Screening pigment migration in the Octopus retina includes control by dopaminergic efferents. This eye lid-like structure closes over a cornea (Figure 2) which is hardly visible in the living octopus. Some interesting, yet lesser-known facts about the dumbo octopus include: The dumbo octopus, like other deep-sea octopuses, cannot produce ink. Especially in the mid-20th century, many studies were designed to unravel the discriminatory and cognitive abilities of this species using behavioral tests with visual stimuli (for example, see work by Boycott, Mackintosh, Messenger, Sutherland, Wells, and Young such as Boycott and Young, 1956; Young, 1956; Sutherland, 1957; Wells, 1960; Mackintosh, 1963; Messenger, 1968a). The first sense to mention is their vision. However there are also apparent differences. Boycott, B. Even though these octopuses are still commercially fished in both North America and Japan for food and bait, populations have been naturally resilient so far. In general, the octopus pupil adapts the eye to changes in ambient light. Pflügers Arch. Trans. Comptes rendus hebdomadaire des séances de l’Académie des sciences. Oxford: Clarendon Press. An octopus has 8 limbs. I. Retin. Malacol. Matsui, H., Takayama, G., and Sakurai, Y. Contribution to the natural history of the pearly Nautilus. 1. Octopus optic responses. Octopus Facts Related to the Human Eye. Brain Res. Z. The visual attack of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. doi: 10.1038/186836a0. Accommodation in the cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). (A) Constricted horizontal slit pupil in bright light, (B) intermediate pupil size, and (C) fully dilated pupil in dim light conditions. Young, J. Its scientific name is Octopoda. BOSTON (AP) — Mythology and superstition have portrayed octopuses as alien beings or evil creatures dwelling in the terrifying dark depths of oceans. Nature 198, 1206–1208. 2. However, it still remains to be determined what role polarization sensitivity plays in Octopus vulgaris in particular, as most evidence in this respect has been collected in other cephalopod species, so far. Black. Abhandlungen zur vergleichenden Anatomie des Auges. Little wonder, considering they are a bit unusual. But these aren't even the most astonishing things scientists have discovered about these beguiling marine animals. 20, 182–185. One sucker of Giant Pacific Octopus can lift 35 pounds (16 kilograms) of weight. Young, J. Epithelial cells (EP), considered to be retinal glia cells, seem to form processes (dashed lines) that lie between the inner segments of the retinal cells. Nature 209, 934–935. “Cephalopod sense organs” in Physiology of mollusca. Char. The schematic diagram of the octopus retina was adapted from previously published drawings (Babuchin, 1864; Schultze, 1867; Grenacher, 1884; Wolken, 1958; Moody and Parriss, 1960, 1961; Young, 1960, 1962b, 1971; Boycott et al., 1965; Yamamoto et al., 1965). Sroczynski, S., and Muntz, W. R. A. 58, 636–660. The subsequent adult life stage can last up to 2 years during which octopus adopts a general benthic lifestyle but is still commonly found in pelagic waters. The octopus pupil is bounded by the iris. Über Farbwechsel und Farbensinn von Cephalopoden. The individual studied, with a mantle length of approximately 6.5 cm, had a pupil area of 33 mm2 when the pupil was fully dilated. These cells help octopi to change their skin shape and mimic the appearance of the surrounding, allowing them to blend into the environment. Octopuses are widely considered to be the most intelligent of all invertebrates. B., and Young, J. A. Wiley’s zoological results, part VI. doi: 10.1038/179011a0. A wide-angle gradient index optical model of the crystalline lens and eye of the octopus. (2016). Versuche über den Farbensinn und das psychische Leben von Octopus vulgaris. 64, 125–152. Received: 19 October 2019; Accepted: 30 December 2019; Published: 14 January 2020. Despite the complexity of their eyes, cephalopods are most likely colorblind. Contribution à la psychologie du poulpe; la mémoire sensorielle. Proc. Vis. The absorbance spectrum and photosensitivity of a new synthetic visual pigment based on 4-hydroxyretinal. cells and cone cells point backward Denton, E. J., and Warren, F. J. Allg. Gray, E. G. (1970). Rostock, Germany: University of Rostock. Vol. Mar. doi: 10.1037/0735-7036.120.3.191, Meisel, D. V., Kuba, M., Byrne, R. A., and Mather, J. According to a side note in Sutherland (1963b), the lens is not astigmatic, thus the different meridians do not possess different refractive power. (1864). Biol. 64, 461–468. Below, 11 facts sure to convince you that octopuses are your new favorite animal. In this retina, 2–3 × 107 photoreceptors cells are found with a cell density varying between 18,000–22,000 cells/mm2 in the periphery and approximately 55,000 cells/mm2 in the central stripe (Young, 1960, 1962b, 1963, 1971). Res. The axons of the photoreceptors leave the eye in bundles of approximately 20 axons, each through holes in the sclera (Patterson and Silver, 1983). doi: 10.1038/186839a0, Moody, M. F., and Parriss, J. R. (1961). doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2013.02.012. Vol. Moreover, these studies were not designed to examine a color vision mechanism recently simulated for Octopus australis by Stubbs and Stubbs (2016a). Res. B Biol. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb05967.x, Magnus, R. (1902). The W-shaped pupil in cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis): functions for improving horizontal vision. Philos. (1960). 59, 77–94. Sci. 49, 256–269. doi: 10.1007/BF00342382. In the latter study, it was also speculated that the accommodation mechanism in Sepia involves the lens moving laterally, thus perpendicular relative to the pupillary axis of the eye. Neue untersuchungen über den lichtsinn bei wirbellosen tieren. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The pupillary response of cephalopods. Cephalopods have a stiff lens Human ocular biometry. Biol. As expected, the fluid within the anterior chamber has the same sodium concentration as seawater, however the potassium concentration has been found to be higher (Amoore et al., 1959). This question was already posed by Jacob and Duncan (1981) in the case of Sepiola atlantica, in which the anterior and posterior part of the lens are not closely electrically coupled. 158, 381–387. Reader interested in the biology of cephalopods, including Octopus vulgaris, are referred to Hanlon and Messenger (2018), or to Jereb et al. A., and O’Dor, R. K. (1991). (1950). The focus is changed by moving the entire lens closer or farther from the 212, 2135–2140. Active marine predators: the sensory world of cephalopods. The most common octopus eye material is metal. Meisel, D. V., Byrne, R. A., Kuba, M., Griebel, U., and Mather, J. the polarization of light. Wells, M. J. (1962a). doi: 10.1016/S0003-3472(71)80181-1. The higher rhabdom density in the central retinal stripe is strongly indicative of higher spatial resolution in this area, even though this has not been measured directly with electrophysiological methods; for electrophysiological studies in octopus, the reader is referred to previous studies (Tasaki et al., 1963a,b; Boycott et al., 1965; Lettvin and Maturana, 1965; Hamasaki, 1968a,b; Tsukahara et al., 1973). Two recent studies show octopus may have eyes in the back of their head. 7, 203–215. Cytol. 1️⃣ Octopus eyes focus like a camera with the lens moving in or out while our eyes use muscles to squeeze the lens to focus.. 2️⃣ Octopuses have dumbbell-shaped pupils ⛔️ ⛔️ that act like prisms, scattering white light in all directions. 7 Malacologia 29, 69–76. Investigations that remain to be undertaken include a detailed examination of the dioptric apparatus or the visual functions such as brightness discrimination as well as a conclusive test for a faculty analogous to, or in lieu of, color vision. Chambered nautiluses and sepioids. A unique characteristic of the cephalopod eye is its ability to rotate and The shape-discrimination of stationary shapes by octopuses. Natl. Jereb, P., and Roper, C. F. E. (2005). Octopus Facts Related to the Human Eye. As a consequence, the female dies shortly after the eggs hatch. J. Zool. Moreover, it has a dorsal opening which brings the anterior chamber — the compartment between cornea and lens — in contact with the surrounding sea water (Amoore et al., 1959; Wells, 1966b); although this finding is not undisputed. Vol. Char. Octopus dens are engineered by a single octopus, but they can be reused by later generations and some species are co-occupied by male and female for a few hours. 273, 366–368. Octopus skin contains the same light-sensitive proteins as octopus eyes. R. Soc. (1997) dispute the existence of a binocular field in octopods. Beer found that when the eye was electrically stimulated, refraction changed to a status close to emmetropia i.e., normal-sightedness. Pupil light reflex in the Atlantic brief squid, Lolliguncula brevis. Jereb, P., Allcock, A. L., Lefkaditou, E., Piatkowski, U., Hastie, G. J., and Pierce, G. J. 4, 766–796. Pupil of Octopus vulgaris. Human newborn babies are incapable of producing tears until they reach the age of 4 to 13 weeks. [3] Bichim. 156, 1359–1373. doi: 10.1242/jeb.110908, Roberts, N. W., Porter, M. L., and Cronin, T. W. (2011). J. Ultrastruct. Yamamoto, T., Tasaki, K., Sugawara, Y., and Tonosaki, A. 34, 2177–2187. Arch. Sci. Jahrb. I never knew they have three hearts! Rep. 64, 288–290. Electron microscopy of optic nerves and optic lobes of Octopus and Eledone. Consequently, the brain Thus, these pupils are adapted to fast light changes also occurring in the habitat of octopus, for instance when they are leaving the den in shallow water during daytime hours. In addition, the range of light intensities to which the pupil of Octopus vulgaris reacts with intermediate pupil sizes is narrow (Hess, 1905; Soto, 2018); the pupil already fully constricts in response to a luminance of approx. Sci. 23. B. (1999). Additional pigment is found in the processes of the supporting cells between the distal segments of the photoreceptors. Z. 10. Species accounts. They are soft bodied with no bones. The axons of octopus photoreceptors project directly to the large optic lobes, where the visual information is processed (Young, 1960, 1971; Wells, 1966a; Maddock and Young, 1987). Color discrimination conditioning in two octopus Octopus aegina and O. vulgaris. J. Exp. On the three visual pigments in the retina of the firefly squid, Watasenia scintillans. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.06.009. Staz. Glockauer, A. (1966b). Jereb, P., Roper, C. F. E., Norman, M. D., and Finn, J. K. (2014). Muntz, W. R. A., and Ray, U. 30(Suppl), 508. A 166, 769–773. They are usually rather large with a diameter of approximately 20 mm (see section “Eye Size and Ocular Dimensions”), and their pupils often have conspicuous shapes (see Figure 1 and, for example, photos in Douglas, 2018). Biol. Biol. 5. Learn about the octopus's defenses against predators, ... Octopuses have two eyes in a globe-shaped head (mantle) off which protrude eight long limbs called tentacles that have two rows of sucker senses.
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